- Learn about new business deductions.
- Find out how to deduct legal and professional fees.
- Learn about deductions for spousal joint ventures.
- Discover the deduction for self-employed health insurance.
- Learn about two methods for calculating home office deductions.
- Find out how to deduct the cost of business equipment.
- Learn the ins and outs of deducting advertising expenses.
- Find out if website costs qualify as a deduction.
- Learn about business deductions for financing.
- Find out how to deduct your vehicle expenses.
- Learn the specifics around deducting business meals.
As a small business owner, you should always be on the lookout for legitimate ways to minimize your taxes. Waiting for year-end to do your tax planning can be too late and you may miss many possible opportunities. Fiducial offers the following valuable tips to help you maximize your business deductions.
New Business Deductions
Normally business owners must amortize the costs of starting a business (deducted) over 15 years. But taxpayers can elect to deduct up to $5,000 of start-up expenses and $5,000 of organizational expenses on the return for the first year of the business.
A qualifying start-up cost is one that would be deductible if it were paid or incurred to operate an existing active business in the same field as the new business. You must pay or incur the cost before the day the active trade or business begins. Examples of qualified start-up costs include:
- Surveys/analyses of potential markets, labor supply, products, transportation facilities, etc.;
- Wages paid to employees, and their instructors, during training;
- Advertisements related to opening the business;
- Fees and salaries paid to consultants or others for professional services; and
- Travel and related costs to secure prospective customers, distributors, and suppliers.
Each of the $5,000 amounts is reduced by the amount by which the total start-up expenses or organizational expenses exceed $50,000. You must amortize expenses not deductible in the first year of the business over 15 years.
Legal and Professional Fees
Fees incurred in setting up the business would fall under the organizational expense first-year deduction of $5,000. The balance would be amortized over 15 years. However, directly related business legal and professional fees incurred after the business is up and running can be expensed.
Deductions for Spousal Joint Business Ventures
When both spouses are involved in the operation of an unincorporated business, it is common – but incorrect – for all that business’s income to be reported as one spouse’s income as a sole proprietorship on IRS Schedule C. In which case, the spouse not filing a Schedule C loses out on the chance to accumulate his or her own eligibility for Social Security benefits and the ability to fund a retirement account.
In addition, to claim a child care credit, both spouses on a joint return must have earned income (or imputed income if one of the spouses is a full-time student or is disabled). So, unless the non-Schedule C spouse has another source of earned income, the couple will not be allowed a child care credit.
There are two ways to remedy this situation. You can either: (1) establish a partnership or (2) elect to operate as a qualified joint venture (each spouse files a Schedule C with their share of the income, deductions, and credits). In community property states, spouses who wholly own an unincorporated business as community property can treat the business either as a sole proprietorship or a partnership. Community property states include Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.
Self-employed Health Insurance
Are you a self-employed individual? Then you can deduct 100% (no AGI reduction) of your health insurance premiums without itemizing your deductions. This above-the-line deduction is limited to net profits from self-employment.
Home Office
Small business owners may qualify for a home-office deduction. This will help them save money on their taxes and benefit their bottom line. Taxpayers can generally take this deduction if they use a portion of their home exclusively for their business and on a regular basis. Plus, this deduction is available to both homeowners and renters.
There are actually two methods to determine the amount of a home-office deduction: the actual-expense method and the simplified method.
Actual-Expense Method
The actual-expense method (also referred to as the regular method) prorates home expenses based on the portion of the home that qualifies as a home office. This is generally based on square footage. Aside from prorated expenses, 100% of directly related costs, such as painting and repair expenses specific to the office, can be deducted. Unlike the simplified method, the 300 square feet limit does not apply.
Simplified Method
The simplified method allows for a deduction equal to $5 per square foot of the home used for business, up to a maximum of 300 square feet, resulting in a maximum simplified deduction of $1,500. A taxpayer may elect to take the simplified method or the actual-expense method on an annual basis. Thus, a taxpayer may freely switch between the two methods each year.
When using the simplified method, additional office expenses such as utilities, insurance, office maintenance, etc., do not count as allowable expenses. Prorated rent or home interest and taxes are not either, although 100% of home interest and taxes are deductible as non-business expenses if the taxpayer itemizes deductions.
Deductions for the Cost of Business Equipment
From time to time, an owner of a small business will purchase equipment, office furnishings, vehicles, computer systems, and other items for use in the business. How to deduct the cost for tax purposes is not always an easy decision because there are several options available.
Do you need a big deduction for the acquisition year? Or can you obtain more benefits by deducting the expense over a number of years using depreciation? The answers to these questions will make your decision. The following are the write-off options currently available.
Depreciation
Depreciation is the normal accounting way of writing off business capital purchases. This spreads the deduction of the cost over several years. The IRS regulations specify the number of years for the write-off based on established asset categories. Generally for small business purchases, the categories include 3-, 5- or 7-year write-offs.
The 5-year category includes autos, small trucks, computers, copiers, and certain technological and research equipment, while the 7-year category includes office fixtures, furniture, and equipment.
Material & Supply Expensing
IRS regulations allow certain materials and supplies that cost $200 or less, or that have a useful life of less than one year, to be expensed (deducted fully in one year) rather than depreciated.
De Minimis Safe Harbor Expensing
IRS regulations also allow small businesses to expense up to $2,500 on equipment purchases. The limit applies per item or per invoice, providing a substantial leeway in expensing purchases. The $2,500 limit increases to $5,000 for businesses that have an applicable financial statement, generally large businesses.
Routine Maintenance
IRS regulations allow a deduction for expenditures used to keep a unit of property in an operating condition where a business expects to perform the maintenance twice during the class life of the property. Class life is different than depreciable life.
Bonus Depreciation
The tax code provides for a first-year bonus depreciation that allows a business to deduct 100% of the cost of most new tangible property placed in service during 2022. Business owners may deduct the remaining cost over the asset’s depreciable life. This provides a larger first-year depreciation deduction for the item. Bonus depreciation is a temporary provision and for eligible business property bought after 2022, the rates drop to 80% in 2023, 60% in 2024, 40% in 2025, 20% in 2026, and nothing after 2026.
Expensing
The tax code provides another option - an expensing provision for small businesses that allows them to expense a certain amount of the cost of tangible equipment purchases in the year the property is first placed into business service. We commonly refer to this tax provision as Sec. 179 expensing, named after the tax code section that sanctions it. The expensing is limited to an annual inflation-adjusted amount, which equals $1,080,000 for 2022.
To ensure that this provision is limited to small businesses, whenever a business has purchases of property eligible for Sec 179 treatment that exceeds the year’s investment limit ($2,700,000 for 2022), the annual expensing allowance is reduced by one dollar for each dollar the investment limit is exceeded.
An undesirable consequence of using Sec. 179 expensing occurs when a business owner disposes of the item before the end of its normal depreciable life. In that case, the difference between normal depreciation and the Sec. 179 deduction is recaptured and added to income in the year of disposition.
Mixing Methods
You can use a mixture of Sec. 179 expensing, bonus depreciation, and regular depreciation on a specific item, allowing just about any amount of write-off for the year for that asset.
Advertising Expenses
Once the business is operating, all forms of advertising expenses are generally currently allowable business deductions. This includes promotional materials such as business cards, digital or print advertisements, and other forms of advertising. However, any advertising expense incurred before a business begins functioning would be treated as a start-up expense.
Trade shows are a form of advertising, and if a business purchases their own custom trade show booth, that booth can generally be expensed in the year purchased using bonus depreciation or Sec 179 expensing.
Website Costs
Although the IRS has not issued guidance on when you can deduct Internet website costs, we should generally treat the costs under the same principles as other business expenses. Generally, website costs will be either a software expense or advertising expense. However, if the business pays or incurs them before a business begins, we treat them as start-up expenses.
Business Deductions for Financing
Interest expenses incurred to finance your business operation are deductible as a business expense. But be careful not to mix personal and business interest expenses. Banks are usually reluctant to lend money to a startup business. In many cases, a new business can obtain financial help from the SBA.
Vehicle Expenses
If you use your car for business purposes, you can deduct its business use by using either the standard mileage method, which allows a per mile amount, or the actual expense method. However, both methods require that you track your business and total mileage for the year.
If using the standard mileage method you need to know the number of business miles driven, and if using the actual method you will need to prorate the actual operating expenses including fuel, insurance, repairs, and depreciation by the percentage of business miles to total miles. You can also deduct tolls and parking fees with either method.
Business Meals
Generally, business entertainment is not deductible although business meals are 50% deductible, or 100% if the business meals are provided by restaurants from 2021 through 2022. The 100% deductibility provision is to encourage spending at restaurants, which generally were hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic emergency lockdowns.
Record keeping for business meals is especially important. Businesses must substantiate each meal expense by not only the amount, date, time, and place, usually included on the receipt but also the business purpose and the names of the guests and their business relationship.
Of course, the list of potential expenses goes on and is too extensive to include all possibilities here. Are you just starting a business or already in business and have questions related to the business? Call Fiducial at 1-866-FIDUCIAL or make an appointment at one of our office locations to discuss your situation.
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For more small business COVID-19 resources, visit Fiducial’s Coronavirus Update Center to find information on SBA loans, tax updates, the Paycheck Protection Program, and paid sick and family leave.